Hate speech is speech or expression ###### denigrates a person or persons on ###### basis of (alleged) membership in a ###### group identified by attributes such as ######, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, ###### or mental disability and others.

Typical ###### speech involves epithets and slurs, statements ###### promote malicious stereotypes and speech intended ###### incite hatred or violence against a ######. Hate speech can also include nonverbal ###### and symbols.]]>
###### traditional liberal position regarding hate speech ###### to permit it under the auspices ###### freedom of expression. Although those who ###### that position acknowledge the odious nature ###### the messages of hate speech, they ###### that state censorship is a cure ###### causes more harm than the disease ###### bigoted expression. They fear that a ###### of censorship will lead to the ###### of other unpopular but nevertheless legitimate ######, perhaps even of the criticism of ######, which is vital to the political ###### of liberal democracy.]]>
Proponents of censorship typically argue that ###### traditional liberal position wrongly assumes the ###### equality of persons and groups in ###### and neglects the fact that there ###### marginalized groups who are especially vulnerable ###### the evils of hate speech. Hate ######, they argue, is not merely the ###### of ideas, but rather it is ###### effective means of socially subordinating its ######. When aimed at historically oppressed minorities, ###### speech is not merely insulting but ###### perpetuates their oppression by causing the ######, the perpetrators and society at large ###### internalize the hateful messages and act ######.]]>
The court system ###### the United States has, on the ###### of the First Amendment and its ###### of freedom of speech, generally ruled ###### attempts to censor hate speech. Other ###### democracies such as France, Germany, Canada ###### New Zealand have laws designed to ###### hate speech. Such laws have proliferated ###### World War II.]]>