According to the lesson, the modern definition of death is: Brain death Cardiac arrest Pulmonary arrest Cellular death According to the video, the brain is among the largest organs in the body, weighing about: 3 pounds 5 pounds 2 pounds 4 pounds The brain contains: More than 100 billion cells Less than 10 billion cells More than 1 trillion cells Less than 100 billion cells The outer and toughest covering of the brain is the: Dura mater Arachnoid Subarachnoid Pia mater The middle layer of the meninges is called the: Arachnoid Dura mater Subarachnoid Pia mater The innermost layer of the meninges is called the: Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater Subarachnoid A subdural hematoma is: A pool of blood under the dura that puts pressure on the brain A pool of blood between the dura and skull A pool of blood between the arachnoid mater and pia mater A pool under the subarachnoid space An epidural hematoma is: A pool of blood between the dura and skull A pool of blood under the dura that puts pressure on the brain A pool of blood between the arachnoid mater and pia mater Functionally an intracerebral hemorrhage A subarachnoid hematoma is: An intracerebral hemorrhage A pool of blood between the dura and skull A pool of blood under the dura that puts pressure on the brain A pool of blood between the arachnoid mater and pia mater The ventricles of the brain are reservoirs of: Cerebrospinal fluid Blood Choroid plexuses Arachnoid villae Two lateral ventricles of the brain are located in the: Cerebral hemisphere Cerebral cortex Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Vertebral arteries join in the head to form the: Basilar artery Carotid artery Posterior cerebral artery Anterior cerebral artery The brain stem connects the spinal cord to the: Diencephalon Mesencephalon Prosencephalon Rhombencephalon Pons are fibers connecting the right and left sides of the: Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Foramen magnum Diencephalon Motor and sensory nerves cross sides in the: Medulla oblongata Foramen magnum Pons Cerebellum Thirst and hunger responses are regulated by the: Hypothalamus Thalamus Pineal gland Thyroid gland The hypothalamus is located: Under the thalamus Above the thalamus Under the pineal gland Above the pineal gland This gland secretes melatonin: Pineal gland Pituitary gland Adrenal gland Thyroid gland The inner ear contains both: The hearing and the balance organs The tympanic membrane and the round window The auditory ossicles and the Eustachian tube The auditory canal and the system of fluid passages The external ear is called the: Pinna Earlobe Helix Tragus The flared end of the ear is called the: Helix Lobule Auricle Tragus The smallest bone in the body is called the: Stapes Malleus Incus Anvil Hyperacusis is a: Health condition characterized by heightened hearing Hearing impairment due to failure of the auditory nerve Hearing impairment due to problems with the bones of the middle ear Health condition characterized by inflammation of the middle ear The actual organ of hearing is the: Cochlea Stapes Malleus Oval window The cochlea is a/an: Partitioned spiral containing three chambers Organ in the inner ear that contains auditory sensory cells Cavity in the petrous part of the temporal bone Endolymph filled cavity in the inner ear The organ of Corti has multiple rows of: Microcilia Stria vascularis Tunnel fibers Limbus spiralis The organ of Corti is filled with: Endolymph fluid Perilymph fluid Karyolymph fluid Epilymph fluid Utricle and saccule are the basis of: Static equilibrium Sequence alignment Mechanical equilibrium Dynamic alignment Stereocilia can detect: The direction of motion The orientation of the body Speed and direction Speed and motion These are calcified ear stones: Otoliths Cilia Ossicles Microvilia The semicircular canals can detect: Dynamic equilibrium Static equilibrium Direction of motion Orientation of the body The semicircular canals in the ear are surrounded by: Perilymph fluid Endolymph fluid Karyolymph fluid Epilymph fluid The semicircular canals in the ear are filled with: Endolymph fluid Perilymph fluid Karyolymph fluid Epilymph fluid Perforation of the eardrum can cause: Scarring and decreased sensitivity Middle-ear infections Disorientation, dizziness and nausea Nystagmus This is one of the most common ear infections in children: Otitis media Hyperacusis Tinnitus Eardrum perforation Clients with Meniere's disease produce too much fluid in the: Vestibular apparatus Ossicles Tympanic cavity Cochlea The cardiac reserve is: The ratio of maximum cardiac output to resting output The ratio of minimum cardiac output to resting output The ratio of maximum cardiac output to stressed output The ratio of minimum cardiac output to stressed output Systole is the: Active compression, or squeezing of the ventricles that pushes blood outward to the lungs or the body Active compression, or squeezing of the atria that pushes blood outward to the lungs or the body Active compression, or squeezing of the ventricles that pushes blood outward to the heart or the body Active compression, or squeezing of the atria that pushes blood outward to the heart or the body Diastole is the: Relaxation of the ventricles when they are filling with blood Relaxation of the atria when they are filling with blood Relaxation of the ventricles when they are expelling blood Relaxation of the atria when they are expelling blood The sinoatrial node has an inherent rhythm of: 60-100 beats per minute 40-100 beats per minute 60-90 beats per minute 50-90 beats per minute According to the lesson, the AV node's inherent rhythm is: 40-50 beats per minute 30-40 beats per minute 20-30 beats per minute 50-60 beats per minute The sinoatrial node is located: High in the right atrial wall High in the left atrial wall Low in the right atrial wall Low in the left atrial wall Frank-Starling's Law relates muscular stretching to: Muscle power Valve power Diastolic power Expansion power The second phase of the cardiac cycle consists of: Ventricular filling The relaxation period Atrial contraction Ventricular systole The third phase of the cardiac cycle consists of: Ventricular systole Ventricular filling The relaxation period Atrial contraction The only time the heart can get its supply of blood to its muscle is during: Diastole Systole Atrial diastole Atrial systole If a client's heart rate is 60 beats per minute, his/her ventricular systole is: 0.25 seconds 0.20 seconds 0.15 seconds 0.10 seconds During periods of increased heart rate, such as while exercising, speed comes at the expense of: Diastole Systole Ventricle Atria Cardiac output measured in ml/min is computed as: Stroke volume (ml/str) x Heart rate (str/min) End diastolic volume - End systolic volume Stroke volume (ml/str) / Heart rate (str/min) End diastolic volume x End systolic volume According to the video, young, healthy people can safely accelerate their heart rates to: 200 beats per minute 220 beats per minute 250 beats per minute 290 beats One of the rules of thumb in measuring the maximum safe cardiac rate is: To take the number 220 and subtract the client's age To take the number 220 and add the client's age To take the number 250 and subtract the client's age To take the number 250 and add the client's age The P-wave in an ECG is the: Electrical picture of atrial depolarization Electrical picture of atrial repolarization Electrical picture of ventricle depolarization Electrical picture of ventricle repolarization Heart block produces: Interruption in or a prolonged P-R interval Fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart Abnormally slow heart beat Irregularity in cardiac rhythm The P-R interval is the: Length of time between the beginning of the atrial contraction to the beginning of the ventricular contraction Length of time between the ending of the atrial contraction to the beginning of the ventricular contraction Length of time between the ending of the atrial contraction to the ending of the ventricular contraction Length of time between the beginning of the atrial contraction to the ending of the ventricular contraction According to the lesson, heart sounds are made by blood turbulence as: Valves close Valves open Chambers close Chambers open The first heart sound comes with the: Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves as ventricular systole begins in full Opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves as ventricular systole begins in full Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves as ventricular diastole begins in full Opening of the mitral and tricuspid valves as ventricular diastole begins in full The second heart sound comes with the: Closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves as systole ends and diastole begins Opening of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves as systole ends and diastole begins Opening of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves as diastole ends and systole begins Closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves as diastole ends and systole begins This is the lightest layer of blood: Plasma Leukocytes Erythrocytes Hemoglobin The top layer of blood consists of: Plasma Erythrocytes Leukocytes Hemoglobin The densest layer of blood is made up of: Erythrocytes Myelocytes Leukocytes Lymphocytes All of the following are functions of blood, except: Hydrolysis Transportation Protection Homeostasis Protection is a function of blood that is characterized by all of the following, except: Maintenance of pH between 7.1 and 7.4 Stoppage of bleeding Fighting of infection Transportation of cells and antibodies of the immune system to fight foreign invaders Homeostasis maintains an acid-base equilibrium of between: 7.1 and 7.4 7.2 and 7.4 7.1 and 7.5 7.2 and 7.5 Hemoglobin is: The molecule that carries oxygen in the red part of the blood The molecule that carries carbon dioxide in the red part of the blood The molecule that carries oxygen in the white part of the blood The molecule that carries carbon dioxide in the white part of the blood Erythrocytes capture oxygen via: Hemoglobin molecules Hemocyanin molecules Serum albumin Immunoglobulins The size of an erythrocyte is about: 8 microns in diameter 1.5 microns in diameter 3 microns in diameter 9.5 microns in diameter The hematopoietic stem cell is the origin of all: Leukocytes Erythrocytes Spherocytes Microcytes These white blood cells break up into platelets: Megakaryocytes Monocytes Basophils Lymphocytes To destroy foreign cells, leukocytes release: Lysins and perforins Achromatins and perforins Lysins and fetoproteins Achromatins and fetoproteins One of the symptoms of disseminated intravascular clotting is: Bleeding Vomiting Nausea Cyanosis Hemophilia is a disease in which: The client lacks a clotting factor The client has a low level of prothrombin The client has acanthocytes in the blood stream The client lacks white blood cell When all clotting factor in the body is used up, clients will exhibit: Widespread bleeding Hemophilia Thrombi Emboli Cardiac output is varied by: Rate and stroke volume Rhythm and stroke volume Blood pressure and stroke volume Rate and blood pressure The pacemaker system in the heart controls only the: Rate of blood flow Oxygenation of blood Blood pressure Blood volume Baroreceptors are located in the: Carotid artery Coronary artery Celiac artery Cerebral artery All of the following are types of shock, except: Pulmogenic shock Hypovolemic shock Endotoxic shock Cardiogenic shock Cardiogenic shock results from: Malfunctions of the heart The brain trying to shut itself down Infections of certain organisms A decrease in blood volume Stage 1 of shock is also called: Compensated non-progressive shock Decompensated progressive shock Irreversible shock Decompensated non-progressive shock The endocrine system secretes: Hormones Sebum Pheromones Synovial fluid Efferent nerves send impulses: Away from the brain To the brain Away from the organs To all organs Nervous impulses travel in: Two directions One direction Ten directions Twenty directions Some axons are myelinated for: Rapid impulse delivery Slowed impulse delivery Rapid receiving of impulse Slowed receiving of impulse This part of a neuron delivers outgoing messages: Axon Dendrite Microglia Cell body Neuroglia are: Connective nerves that hold the structure of the nervous system together Saphenous nerves that hold the structure of the nervous system together Depressor nerves that hold the structure of the nervous system together Splanchnic nerves that hold the structure of the nervous system together The somatic nervous system is: Voluntary and conducts impulses to the skeletal muscles Involuntary and conducts impulses to the skeletal muscles Voluntary and conducts impulses to the internal organs Involuntary and conducts impulses to the internal organs The autonomic nervous system is: Involuntary and conducts impulses to the internal organs Voluntary and conducts impulses to the skeletal muscles Involuntary and conducts impulses to the skeletal muscles Voluntary and conducts impulses to the internal organs The sympathetic nervous system lies right along the: Spinal cord Brain Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system Special visceral sensory neurons transmit: Impulses of taste and smell from the organs of special sense to the brain along the cranial nerves Information impulses from the autonomic nervous system about the condition of the viscera Impulses from the CNS to the viscera in the autonomic nervous system Outgoing impulses to the skeletal muscles from the brain General visceral motor neurons transmit: Impulses from the CNS to the viscera in the autonomic nervous system Outgoing impulses to the skeletal muscles from the brain Impulses of taste and smell from the organs of special sense to the brain Information impulses from the autonomic nervous system about the condition of the viscera General somatic motor neurons transmit: Outgoing impulses to the skeletal muscles from the brain Impulses of taste and smell from the organs of special sense to the brain Information impulses from the autonomic nervous system about the condition of the viscera Impulses from the CNS to the viscera in the autonomic nervous system Psychomotor epilepsy is caused by signals from the: Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe This area is located at the back of the brain: Visual association area Motor speech area Gustatory area Primary auditory area The auditory association area of the brain is located in the: Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe The homunculus was developed by a doctor named: Wilder Penfield Harvey Cushing Brian Andrews Walter Dandy In regard to brain functions, homunculus means: Little man Huge man Small brain Huge brain In regard to brain functions, PET scan stands for: Positron Emission Tomography scan Positive Emission Tomography scan Position Emission Tomography scan Possession Emission Tomography scan The entire autonomic nervous system is best described as: Involuntary Voluntary Afferent Efferent The sensory input of the autonomic nervous system is generally: Unconscious Conscious Afferent Efferent The sensory input of the somatic nervous system is: Conscious Unconscious Afferent Efferent This has a thoracolumbar origin in the CNS: Sympathetic system Parasympathetic system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system The sympathetic system stimulates the: Adrenal gland Parathyroid gland Pineal gland Prostate gland The sympathetic system is generally an: Excitatory pathway Inhibitory pathway Ingratiatory pathway Exculpatory pathway Paradoxical parasympathetic fear reactions include: Involuntary defecation and urination Voluntary defecation and urination Involuntary digestion and absorption Voluntary digestion and absorption The parasympathetic nervous system promotes: Energy conservation Normal function of the GI tract Normal glucose levels Increased respiratory effort Accidental injection of adrenaline into the bloodstream causes not only physical excitation, but also: Extreme terror in the client Extreme anger in the client Extreme guilt in the client Extreme agitation in the client The number of pairs of cranial nerves in the human head is: 12 10 11 14 In regard to the cranial nerves, both of these motor fibers are represented: Viscera and somatic Somatic and branchial Viscera and brachial Sympathetic and Parasympathetic In regard to the cranial nerves, mixed nerves contain: Sensory and motor fibers Sensory and muscle fibers Efferent fibers Motor and muscle fibers The second cranial nerve is called the: Optic nerve Olfactory nerve Trochlear nerve Oculomotor nerve The olfactory nerve controls the sense of: Smell Taste Sight Touch The first cranial nerve is called the: Olfactory nerve Trochlear nerve Oculomotor nerve Optic nerve The third cranial nerve is called the: Oculomotor nerve Optic nerve Olfactory nerve Trochlear nerve The fourth cranial nerve is called the: Trochlear nerve Oculomotor nerve Optic nerve Trigeminal nerve Lesions along the trochlear nerve can cause: Diplopia Amblyopia Aniseikonia Aphakia The fifth cranial nerve is called the: Trigeminal nerve Trochlear nerve Oculomotor nerve Abducens nerve The seventh cranial nerve is called the: Facial nerve Trigeminal nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve The sensory nerve of the facial nerve controls: Taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue Parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal ducts Sublingual glands Nasal glands The tenth cranial nerve is called the: Vagus nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Spinal accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve The ninth cranial nerve is called the: Glossopharyngeal nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Spinal accessory nerve Vagus nerve The sensory nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve controls: Taste buds from the posterior third of the tongue The stylopharyngeal muscle Parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal ducts Sublingual glands Physiologically, almost all pancreatic enzymes are secreted in an inactive form to prevent: Autodigestion Indigestion Clotting Gastroparesis These secrete digestive juices and enzymes that aid in digestion and absorption: Pancreas and liver Bile duct and gall bladder Small intestine and large intestine Hepatic duct and portal vein This enzyme can digest triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides: Lipase Phosphatase Plasmin Kinase Parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas occurs in response to the: Digestive processes of the stomach Accumulation of blood in the organ Formation of morbific matter in an abscess Muscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis In the regulation of pancreatic secretions, enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine release: Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin Somatostatin and glucagon Gastrin and secretin Ghrelin and glucagon In basic pancreatic function, the cyclopentanophenanthrene ring structure is common to all of the following, except: Corticosteroids Cholesterol Testosterone Cortisol In liver function, this is created as a release product of amino acid conversion: Ammonia Cysteine Dihydroxyphenylalanine Glutamine This process rapidly breaks down large amounts of carbohydrates: Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Lipogenesis Glycogenesis This is the process in which lactic acid is broken down: Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Lipogenesis Glycogenesis The detoxifying organ of the body is the: Liver Kidney Lung Heart Bilirubin, when metabolized with bile salts, gets excreted in the: Feces Urine Sweat Tears These are used to block the manufacture of cholesterol: Statin drugs Diuretics Analgesics Anticoagulants This turns off gastric acid secretion: Vasoactive intestinal peptide Tachykinin peptide Calcitonin peptide Gastric inhibitory peptide This can release and stimulate insulin production in the pancreas: Gastric inhibitory peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide Tachykinin peptide Calcitonin peptide All of the following are stimulators of intestinal motility, except: Cholecystokinin Motilin Bombesin Substance P Two factors that may promote hepatocellular cancer are: Aflatoxin and hepatitis B virus infection Cytotoxin and hepatitis A virus infection Endotoxin and hepatitis B virus infection Exotoxin and hepatitis A virus infection Cirrhosis of the liver is often caused by: Alcoholism and chronic hepatitis Poison and Wilson's disease Fatigue and hepatic encephalopathy Infection and insomnia Hepatocellular carcinoma disorder is most common in these areas: Africa and Asia Australia and Asia Europe and Asia Africa and South America