The modern definition of death is:
The brain is among the largest organs in the body, weighing about:
The brain contains:
The outer and toughest covering of the brain is the:
The middle layer of the meninges is called the:
The innermost layer of the meninges is called the:
A subdural hematoma is:
An epidural hematoma is:
A subarachnoid hematoma is:
The ventricles of the brain are reservoirs of:
Two lateral ventricles of the brain are located in the:
Vertebral arteries join in the head to form the:
The brain stem connects the spinal cord to the:
Pons are fibers connecting the right and left sides of the:
Motor and sensory nerves cross sides in the:
Thirst and hunger responses are regulated by the:
The hypothalamus is located:
This gland secretes melatonin:
All of the following clusters of signs may suggest a critical endocrine imbalance or disorder, except:
To properly manage endocrine signs and symptoms, the nurse should be able to do all of the following, except:
To uncover the cause of endocrine signs and symptoms, nurse's assessment should be:
In thyrotoxic crisis, an excess in triiodothyronine and thyroxin can:
Stroke volume refers to:
These are examples of thyroid hormones:
The S3 heart sound is produced when:
To hear S3 better during auscultation, the nurse should:
This statement about the S3 heart sound is most true:
Anxiety and diaphoresis occur when:
Exophthalmos is:
When assessing for thyrotoxic crisis, to observe thyroid gland movement, the nurse should:
When assessing for thyrotoxic crisis, the nurse should palpate the thyroid gland from the front by:
During assessment for thyrotoxic crisis, to feel for the movement of the thyroid gland, the nurse should:
When assessing for thyrotoxic crisis, if the nurse is having difficulty palpating the thyroid gland, the nurse should:
All of the following statements characterize a normal thyroid gland, except:
Hypertrophy usually results from:
3 and T4 hormones]]>
Most specifically, this signifies accelerated blood flow through an enlarged thyroid gland:
To assess the abdomen of a client suspected of experiencing thyrotoxic crisis, the nurse should start with:
If thyrotoxic crisis is suspected, the nurse should palpate the client's abdomen to assess for:
Increased peristalsis of a client with thyrotoxic crisis may occur with:
All of the following assessment findings may suggest thyrotoxic crisis, except:
4 heart sound]]>
Thyrotoxic crisis is an exacerbation of:
In thyrotoxic crisis, the metabolism of cells increases when:
3 engages with receptors on mitochondria, forcing them to consume more oxygen and increasing their production of ATP]]>
4 engages with receptors on mitochondrion, forcing them to consume more oxygen and increasing their production of ADH]]>
3 engages with receptors on mitochondria, forcing them to consume less oxygen and decreasing their production of ATP]]>
4 engages with receptors on mitochondrion, forcing them to consume less oxygen and decreasing their production of ADH]]>
The thyroid function test of a thyrotoxic crisis client may show all of the following results, except:
This is a thyroid hormone inhibitor used for the immediate treatment of thyrotoxic crisis:
A quiet and calm environment should be provided to a client with thyrotoxic crisis to reduce:
Normally, triiodothyronine (T3) increases:
Cell metabolism increases when:
An increase in cell metabolism can result in:
In a client with thyroid hormone deficiency, pericardial effusion may cause the:
Pericardial effusion most specifically refers to the:
In hypothyroidism and myxedema, these reflect decreased peristalsis:
All of the following assessment findings may indicate myxedema, except:
This statement about myxedema is most true:
All of the following are appropriate nursing interventions for myxedema, except:
If a diabetic client voids large amounts of dilute urine, this may signal:
The glucose renal threshold is:
In regard to a diabetic client with polyuria, these form when the liver breaks down FFAs into glucose for energy:
Polydipsia most specifically refers to:
Kussmaul respiration may be best described as:
Kussmaul respiration in a diabetic client, typically results from:
The orange glow from the eyes' retina seen through an ophthalmoscope is called the:
When assessing a diabetic client for peripheral vascular disease, the nurse should:
In a diabetes client, during an ophthalmoscopic examination, absence of an orange glow from the retina may signify:
In a client with type 1 diabetes, a pH level of 7.26 usually indicates:
In a diabetic client, glucose builds up in the blood when:
In regard to DKA, the conversion of FFAs into glucose creates:
Most specifically, this should be administered to a DKA client to move glucose into the cells for energy:
During treatment for DKA, the nurse should check the client's blood glucose and electrolyte levels at least:
During the treatment of a DKA client, the nurse should monitor the client's vital signs every:
All of the following are stated signs and symptoms of a critical fluid and electrolyte imbalance, except:
All of the following are stated signs and symptoms of a critical fluid and electrolyte imbalance, except:
To avoid the life-threatening consequences of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, the nurse should be able to do all of the following, except:
Focused assessment for tetany and paresthesia may include all of the following, except:
If tetany and paresthesia are suspected, the nurse should assess for harsh and musical breath sounds by:
In regard to tetany and paresthesia, harsh and musical breath sounds can indicate:
Chvostek's sign is characterized by:
In regard to tetany, Chvostek's sign results from:
A cell's threshold potential is the:
If a client suspected of having tetany displays Chvostek's sign, the nurse should further assess for Trousseau's sign. To elicit this sign, the nurse should:
Trousseau's sign is evidenced by:
In a client with hypocalcemia, Trousseau's sign is produced when:
When testing the DTRs of a client, the nurse should:
On the DTRs briskness scale, a one plus (+) sign indicates:
In regard to DTRs, the sensory nerve is also known as the:
Paresthesia can be best described as:
Paresthesia can occur when:
In the blood, calcium helps convert:
To confirm hypocalcemia, the nurse should expect the physician to order:
When hypocalcemia prolongs myocardial cell repolarization, the client's 12-lead ECG tracing may reveal:
All of the following assessment findings may point to hypocalcemia, except:
Hyperkalemia can produce bradycardia by, most specifically:
Normally, cells in the SA node initiate impulses at:
Cell depolarization occurs when:
On the muscle strength scale, a grade of 0 denotes:
The arm muscle strength of a client with generalized weakness and ECG changes should be assessed by:
On the muscle strength scale, a grade of 2 denotes:
The leg muscle strength of a client with generalized weakness and ECG changes should be assessed through:
Hyperkalemia is:
Muscle cell depolarization may occur when the blood potassium level of a hyperkalemia client continues to rise, which may result in:
Normally, the kidneys help keep potassium at its optimum blood level by:
Hyperkalemia in a client with renal failure occurs when:
Drug therapy for hyperkalemia often includes all of the following, except:
In the brain, cellular swelling can lead to all of the following, except:
To correct dilutional hyponatremia, this forces excess fluid to move from the intravascular space into cells:
Cerebral edema in a client with SIADH most specifically occurs when:
The carotid arteries should not be palpated simultaneously because:
On the pulse amplitude scale, a normal pulse should be denoted as:
During palpation, pulses normally feel:
When assessing for jugular vein distention and estimating central venous pressure, the nurse should:
In a client with hypervolemia, jugular vein distention may be produced when:
Hyperactive bowel sounds of a client with SIADH reflect:
In regard to SIADH, this statement about ADH is most true:
In regard to SIADH, this gland releases excess ADH:
In a client with SIADH, dilutional hyponatremia and hypervolemia are produced when:
To confirm dilutional hyponatremia and hypervolemia, the nurse should expect the physician to order:
A blood sodium level of 125 mEq/L reflects:
The plan of care for an SIADH client with hyponatremia and hypervolemia should include all of the following, except:
The inner ear contains both:
The external ear is called the:
The flared end of the ear is called the:
The smallest bone in the body is called the:
Hyperacusis is a:
The actual organ of hearing is the:
The cochlea is a/an:
The organ of Corti has multiple rows of:
The organ of Corti is filled with:
Utricle and saccule are the basis of:
Stereocilia can detect:
These are calcified ear stones:
The semicircular canals can detect:
The semicircular canals in the ear are surrounded by:
The semicircular canals in the ear are filled with:
Perforation of the eardrum can cause:
This is one of the most common ear infections in children:
Clients with Meniere's disease produce too much fluid in the:
The endocrine gland that is located in the chest is the:
The adrenal (suprarenal) glands are located:
The pineal gland is located in the:
The hormones that do not enter general circulation are called:
The signaling used by cancer cells to trigger growth is called:
In regard to the hormones' down-regulation, each target cell for a certain hormone has up to this number of receptors:
The diameter of the pituitary is:
This is also called the "master gland" because it controls all of the other endocrine glands:
The number of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands is:
This hormone causes increased skin pigmentation:
These stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones:
This maintains muscle and skeletal size in an adult:
This hormone raises blood volume, and thus blood pressure:
Another term for the posterior pituitary is the:
This hormone enhances the strength of uterine contractions and stimulates the ejection of milk after delivery:
Drugs that depress the immune system and promote protein catabolism are called:
The adrenal glands are supplied abundantly by all of the following vessels, except:
Glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex promote all of the following, except:
The result of adrenocortical insufficiency is most specifically:
This is a disorder that results from excessive adrenal cortical function:
The treatment for Addison's disease is usually:
Hypersecretion by pheochromocytoma causes the disorder called:
Hormones in the adrenal medulla are produced in:
Stimulation of the adrenal medulla releases these hormones:
This statement about the kidneys is most true:
The number of nephrons in the kidneys is approximately:
The muscles between the ribs are called:
The inner layer of the kidney is called the:
The medial tip of the renal pyramid is the:
The outer layer of the kidney is called the:
A renal corpuscle is composed of an:
This statement about a nephron is most correct:
In regard to nephrons, a very tiny arteriole is also called a:
Blood runs across the Bowman's capsule and into the:
The parietal layer of the glomerulus is called the:
A glomerulus is:
The endothelia of glomerular capillaries are fenestrated to retain:
The inner layer of kidney cells is called the:
The inflammation of the glomerulus is called:
This statement about the ureters is most correct:
The reflux of urine back up into the kidney is called:
A bladder distended with urine may cause:
The bladder is most specifically located in the midline behind the:
In females, the bladder is located in front of the:
Dialysis is usually performed every:
The cardiac reserve is:
Systole is the:
Diastole is the:
The sinoatrial node has an inherent rhythm of:
The AV node's inherent rhythm is:
The sinoatrial node is located:
Frank-Starling's Law relates muscular stretching to:
The second phase of the cardiac cycle consists of:
The third phase of the cardiac cycle consists of:
The only time the heart can get its supply of blood to its muscle is during:
If a client's heart rate is 60 beats per minute, his/her ventricular systole is:
During periods of increased heart rate, such as while exercising, speed comes at the expense of:
Cardiac output measured in ml/min is computed as:
Young, healthy people can safely accelerate their heart rates to:
One of the rules of thumb in measuring the maximum safe cardiac rate is:
The P-wave in an ECG is the:
Heart block produces:
The P-R interval is the:
Heart sounds are made by blood turbulence as:
The first heart sound comes with the:
The second heart sound comes with the:
This is the lightest layer of blood:
The top layer of blood consists of:
The densest layer of blood is made up of:
All of the following are functions of blood, except:
Protection is a function of blood that is characterized by all of the following, except:
Homeostasis maintains an acid-base equilibrium of between:
Hemoglobin is:
Erythrocytes capture oxygen via:
The size of an erythrocyte is about:
The hematopoietic stem cell is the origin of all:
These white blood cells break up into platelets:
To destroy foreign cells, leukocytes release:
One of the symptoms of disseminated intravascular clotting is:
Hemophilia is a disease in which:
When all clotting factor in the body is used up, clients will exhibit:
Cardiac output is varied by:
The pacemaker system in the heart controls only the:
Baroreceptors are located in the:
All of the following are types of shock, except:
Cardiogenic shock results from:
Stage 1 of shock is also called:
The endocrine system secretes:
Efferent nerves send impulses:
Nervous impulses travel in:
Some axons are myelinated for:
This part of a neuron delivers outgoing messages:
Neuroglia are:
The somatic nervous system is:
The autonomic nervous system is:
The sympathetic nervous system lies right along the:
Special visceral sensory neurons transmit:
General visceral motor neurons transmit:
General somatic motor neurons transmit:
Psychomotor epilepsy is caused by signals from the:
This area is located at the back of the brain:
The auditory association area of the brain is located in the:
The homunculus was developed by a doctor named:
In regard to brain functions, homunculus means:
In regard to brain functions, PET scan stands for:
The entire autonomic nervous system is best described as:
The sensory input of the autonomic nervous system is generally:
The sensory input of the somatic nervous system is:
This has a thoracolumbar origin in the CNS:
The sympathetic system stimulates the:
The sympathetic system is generally an:
Paradoxical parasympathetic fear reactions include:
The parasympathetic nervous system promotes:
Accidental injection of adrenaline into the bloodstream causes not only physical excitation, but also:
The number of pairs of cranial nerves in the human head is:
In regard to the cranial nerves, both of these motor fibers are represented:
In regard to the cranial nerves, mixed nerves contain:
The second cranial nerve is called the:
The olfactory nerve controls the sense of:
The first cranial nerve is called the:
The third cranial nerve is called the:
The fourth cranial nerve is called the:
Lesions along the trochlear nerve can cause:
The fifth cranial nerve is called the:
The seventh cranial nerve is called the:
The sensory nerve of the facial nerve controls:
The tenth cranial nerve is called the:
The ninth cranial nerve is called the:
The sensory nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve controls:
Physiologically, almost all pancreatic enzymes are secreted in an inactive form to prevent:
These secrete digestive juices and enzymes that aid in digestion and absorption:
This enzyme can digest triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides:
Parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas occurs in response to the:
In the regulation of pancreatic secretions, enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine release:
In basic pancreatic function, the cyclopentanophenanthrene ring structure is common to all of the following, except:
In liver function, this is created as a release product of amino acid conversion:
This process rapidly breaks down large amounts of carbohydrates:
This is the process in which lactic acid is broken down:
The detoxifying organ of the body is the:
Bilirubin, when metabolized with bile salts, gets excreted in the:
These are used to block the manufacture of cholesterol:
This turns off gastric acid secretion:
This can release and stimulate insulin production in the pancreas:
All of the following are stimulators of intestinal motility, except:
Two factors that may promote hepatocellular cancer are:
Cirrhosis of the liver is often caused by:
Hepatocellular carcinoma disorder is most common in these areas: