ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

refers to all factors available in the environment affecting the health of the individual or population
regulated by PD 856: Comprehensive Sanitation Code of the Philippines

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE (EHS) OF DOH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

Promotion of healthy environmental conditions & prevention of environmental related diseases through appropriate sanitation strategies
Promotion & implementation of sanitation programs through the Department of Health Field Health Units
Conceptualization of new programs/projects to contend with emerging environmentally related health problems

COMPONENTS:

Water Supply Sanitation Program
Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal Program
Insect and Rodent Control
Food and Sanitation Program
Hospital Waste Management Program

WATER SUPPLY SANITATION PROGRAM

Portable
Fereefrom any particles that might cause illness to an individual

Ways to make Water Potable:

Boiling: minimum of 3 minutes to maximum of 10 minutes for drinking
Sterilization: 30 minutes after the water starts to boil
Filtration: makes use of filter paper or cotton cloth to separate solid particle from liquid if water comes from river
Coagulation/Flocculation uses aluminum crystal (tawas) that collects or absorbs particles from liquid part & becomes slimy

In 1 gallon of water, drop tawas (the size of magi cubes) & allow to stand for 6-8 hours
Initially, water appears to be cloudy then after 6-8 hours of standing, the water becomes clear

Chlorination: uses 100% pure concentrated chlorine bought from botika or given free by health centers

To prepare stock solution (SS): in 1 liter drinking water, add 1 tablespoon of concentrated chlorine which is potent for 3-4 months
To prepare the chlorinated water: in 2 ½ gallons of drinking water (10,000 ml=10 liters), add 1 tablespoon from the prepared stock solution & let it stand for 30 minutes to react with water

Fluoridation: adding fluoride to prevent dental caries (primary significance) & whitens enamel of teeth ( 2nd significance)
Aeration: exposing drinking water in air to strengthen taste within 24 hours which is usually used in uphill areas where there’s less or no pollution

3 TYPES OF APPROVED WATER SUPPLY AND FACILITIES

Level I Point Source

A protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system for rural areas where houses are thinly scattered.

Level II Communal faucet system or stand posts

A system composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network and communal faucets, located at not more than 25 meters from the farthest house in rural areas where houses are clustered densely.

Level III Waterworks system or individual house connections

A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped distributor network and household taps that is suited for densely populated urban areas.

PROPER EXCRETA AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

3 TYPES OF APPROVED TOILET FACILITIES

Level 1 Non-water carriage toilet facility:

Pit latrines
Reed Odorless Earth Closet
Bored-hole
Compost

Toilets requiring small amount of water to wash waste into receiving space

Pour flush
Aqua privies

Pit latrines

most commonly observed in rural area
has three components: the pit, a squatting plate and the super-structure
types of pit include:

“Antipolo type”, a pit type of toilet provided with concrete floor and an elevated seat with a cover
Ventilated Improved Pit or VIP, pit with a vent pipe
Reed Odourless Earth Closet or ROEC, a pit completely displaced from the superstructure and connected to the squatting plate by a curved chute.

Bored Hole Latrine

Consists of relatively deep holes bored into the earth by mechanical or manual earth-boring equipment
Holes are about 10-18 inches in diameter and usually 15-35 feet deep. The hole is provided to facilitate squatting. Two types of bored-hole latrines are:

Wet Type - when the hole penetrates ground water table or other strata.
Dry Type - when he hole does not reach ground water table; fills up at a faster rate then than the wet type.

Level 2 On site toilet facilities of the water carriage type wit water sealed and flushed type with septic vault/tank disposal facilities.
Level 3 Water carriage types of toilet facilities connected to septic tanks an/or to sewerage system to treatment plant.

THINGS TO CONSIDER IN CONSTRUCTING A TOILET FACILITY:

At least 25 meters away from water sources at a lower elevation
It should be within your financial capability
It should be approved by the local healthAuthorities

CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF YOUR TOILET FACILITY:

Water must be provided at all times.
Use toilet paper
Use lysol once a month for odor removal
Clean the bowl by muriatic acid to remove the stains.
Avoid depositing solid objects on the bowl to prevent clogging
Always check your toilet if it’s clean
Use plunger when clogging occurs. Don’t use sticks or rods to avoid the breakage of the trap or the bowl.

PROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

refers to satisfactory methods of storage, collection and final disposal of solid wastes

SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE

Household Waste - these are wastes generated in or discharged from household including shops but excluding commercial activities
Commercial Waste - restaurants, stationery shops, grocery shops or any commercial activity are the main sources of commercial waste.
Market Waste - only refers to waste generated in or discharged from markets both for wholesale and retailing
Institutional Waste - these are wastes generated in government, state enterprise and private firm office.
Street Sweeping Waste - these are wastes generated by the street sweeping cleansing service.
River Waste - includes all the wastes generated by the river and creek cleansing
Medical Waste - these are wastes generated in hospitals.

COMPONENTS OF SOLID WASTE

Garbage refers to left over vegetable, animal and fish material from kitchen and food establishments. These materials have the tendency to decay giving off foul odors and sometimes serve as food for flies and rats.
Rubbish refers to waste materials such as bottles, broken glass, tin can, waste papers, discarded textile materials, porcelain wares, pieces of metal and other wrapping materials.
Ashes are left over from burning of wood and coal. Ashes may become a nuisance because of the dust associated with them.
Stable manure is animal manure collected from stables.
Dead animals like dead dogs, cats, rats, pigs, and chickens that are killed by cars and trucks on streets and public highways. They include small and large animals that died from disease.
Street sweeping includes dust, manure, leaves, cigarette buts, waste papers and other materials that are swept from streets.
Night soil is human waste normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets. This also includes human waste from pail system of toilets.
Yard cuttings includes leaves, branches, grass and other

SANITARY WAYS OF TREATING GARBAGE:

Segregation: separating biodegradable from non biodegradable
Collection: adherence to the proper collection time→ the City of Manila coordinates with Leonel Waste Management (a private firm which collects garbage) where the truck driver coordinates with the Barangay Chairman on the time, they will collect garbage so don’t bring out garbage before the collection time

WAYS OF DISPOSAL

Household

Burial : Deposited in 1m x 1m deep pits covered with soil, located 25 m. away from water supply
Open burning
Animal feeding
Composting
Grinding and disposal sewer

Community

Sanitary landfill or controlled tipping : Excavation of soil deposition of refuse and compacting with a solid cover of 2 feet
Incineration : Ecological Solid Waste Management: RA 9003- the use of incinerator approved in 2000 but was implemented in 2003 because of lack of funding to purchase

FOOD SANITATION PROGRAM

POLICIES:

Food establishment are subject to inspection (approved of all food sources containers and transport vehicles)
Comply with sanitary permit requirement
Comply with updated health certificates for food handlers, helpers, cooks
All ambulant vendors must submit a health certificate to determine present of intestinal parasite and bacterial infection

3 POINTS OF CONTAMINATION

Place of production processing and source of supply
Transportation and storage
Retail and distribution points

HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

RA 4226-Hospital Licensure Act monitors the hospital license & proper management of wastes as well as renewal of license to Operate
GOAL:

To prevent the risk of contraction contracting nosocomial infection from type disposal of infectious, pathological and other wastes from hospital

COLOR CODING OF BIN TO KEEP WASTE:

Green : wet waste
Black : dry waste
Yellow: infectious/pathological waste like blood, sputum, urine, feces & gauze
Orange: toxic/hazardous waste