Tables

Tables present information in easy-to-read rows and columns. Generally, readers are expected to study them in great detail. Below is a basic table template created in Microsoft Word. Each of the items, and all of the data, can be customized.

When we examine a table, our eyes usually start in the top left corner and travel downward. For that reason, you should put the title of your table, its number, and a brief, but informative, description at the top.

When creating a table, you should keep it simple. Remove any of the information that a reader will not need, and try to use as few columns as you can.

Line Graphs

Line graphs are used to show changes over a period of time. They are more accurate than bar charts, but like bar charts, can be used to show comparisons between two values.

Below is a simple line graph created in Microsoft Word. Each of the elements can be edited or removed. In some cases, elements can even be added. Notice that the figure number and descriptive title appear in the lower left corner.

Below are some guidelines for creating them:

Limit the number of curves. If the curves cross or intersect, use no more than three. Otherwise, no more than four.

Assign each curve a color or a weight. This will allow readers to differentiate them. The most important line should be bold. Others can be dashes or dots.

Label each curve, if necessary. These can help avoid confusion.

Center the curves within the frame. An improperly framed graph can be confusing.

Select an appropriate scale. An incorrect scale can lead to false conclusions. Some readers might even think you are being dishonest.

Do not use plot points or grids. Keep your graphs uncluttered.

All lettering should be horizontal¸ except along the vertical access. Do not try to match writing with the slope of a curve. It looks sloppy and unprofessional.

Pie Charts

Pie charts are used to compare proportions. They are well-known, and therefore, easy to grasp.

One problem with the pie chart is that it can sometimes be difficult to compare two values that are nearly the same. Do not use them if the comparisons are not immediately obvious to your readers.

The following example was created using Microsoft Word. All figures were automatically entered. Note the position of the title and the brief, but descriptive, caption.

Guidelines for creating pie charts:

Make sure all segments add up to 100 percent.

Make sure each segment is visually accurate.

Make sure that at least one of the lines is running vertically, from the center of the pie, to the top of it

If there are lots of very small segments, you can combine them into a larger one and label it "Miscellaneous."

Bar Charts

Bar charts show comparisons using parallel bars. They are general in nature and therefore particularly suited for non-specialist or lay readers. Bars can be displayed either vertically or horizontally.

Below is an example of a bar chart created in Microsoft Word.

Bars should be placed one-half to one full bar width apart.

Bars should be arranged vertically when showing growth, horizontally when showing time.

Use color bars to make them stand out.

To show exact totals, place them above each bar, or inside them.

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