ARLINGTON, Va. - There are times when Michael Coughlin's students write essays about their terrifying trips alone across the border between Mexico and the United States. They will write about what they left behind in their countries. Other times, they'll mention a court date or ask their teacher for help finding an immigration attorney.

Most of these students at H-B Woodlawn Secondary Program are determined, Coughlin says. "They are also very scared because they don't have certainty for their future here."

America's schools are one of the few government institutions where the children coming unaccompanied across the border are guaranteed services, from science instruction to eye exams.

While their cases are being processed by immigration authorities, most of these minors are released to family members or sponsors and must be enrolled in school.

More Students Are Anticipated This Fall

Schools and districts in cities such as Washington, Houston and Miami have seen an increase in the number of these students. They anticipate more could enroll this fall. "They have their hearts in the right places, but it's a difficult task," said Randy Capps, director of research for U.S. programs at the Migration Policy Institute, a nonpartisan Washington think tank.

The government estimates that 90,000 children, primarily from El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala, could make the journey alone by this fall, and that as many as 145,000 of them could arrive next year. They often come to join a parent, many times escaping criminal gangs or extreme poverty.

In school, they frequently require special resources like English language and mental health services that already are strained because of budget cuts.

Supreme Court Guarantees

In Miami, the school board voted to seek federal aid after Superintendent Alberto Carvalho said 300 foreign-born students enrolled toward the end of the school year. Many of the students were from Honduras and traveled alone. Carvalho said the district has both a "moral and legal requirement" to educate the students. Some of the students can't read or write. The cost is about $1,950 more per student than it gets from the state, he said.

"They need to be fed. They need to be clothed. They need to be cared for and then taught," Carvalho said.

Education Secretary Arne Duncan and Attorney General Eric Holder in May reminded districts that a 1982 Supreme Court ruling gives all children the right to enroll in school, regardless of immigration status.

Stories Of Harrowing Journeys

Patricia Chiancone, an outreach counselor in the international counseling office in Prince George's County, Maryland, says she hears stories of hardship. Stories that include girls being raped on the journey into the United States, siblings and parents killed in gang violence back home and teen brothers from rural Guatemala who left home after their farm harvest was destroyed.

"We see death certificates and we see letters that a minister wrote saying this child left because he was being threatened by this," Chiancone said.

Coughlin's school allows students learning English to stay into their 20s. In the past two years, it has seen increased numbers of students who crossed the border alone. He says many work long hours at night in restaurants or cleaning to pay for immigration attorneys or, in at least one case, to pay back a relative who spent thousands of dollars to have them smuggled into the country.

Overcoming Language Difficulties

The language barrier proved to be a big obstacle for Ronald Pojoy, who came alone from Guatemala in 2007 when he was 15 to join his mother.

"Sometimes, I tried to give up because it was a lot of language I had to learn," he said. "It was really hard for me because I had to work and then school. That would make me more tired."

Now 21, Pojoy received his diploma last month from Liberty High School in southwest Houston. The school serves a large number of immigrants and offers information about legal and other community services.

"We have to clearly demonstrate to the students that what they are doing is very important. We also have to demonstrate to the students that they can make it," said Eddison James, a math teacher.

One of Coughlin's students, Milsa Martinez, 20, says she was 18 when her parents sent for her in El Salvador, after her grandmother died. Her parents had moved to the United States 14 years earlier. She was terrified as she made the journey with two smugglers and about 30 others - including children ages about 8 and 9. At one point, she said, a woman with bunions was left behind because she couldn't walk.

Martinez was treated as a minor when detained because, she said, she looked young.

Now, she works at a hospital many evenings taking out trash. She dreams of going to college, but worries about deportation even though she says she was told her immigration case was closed.

"I think that if I graduate from college it can help me in another country, too, not only here, even though I want to stay here," Martinez says.

What Lies Ahead

The future for these children and teens is unclear.

A law guarantees an immigration hearing to those not from countries bordering the United States. In practice it has led to many staying indefinitely because of delays. Republicans have sought a change to the law and denied a $3.7 billion emergency spending request by President Barack Obama. That money was intended to help stem the tide of these children arriving and to handle their cases more efficiently. Meanwhile, the Justice Department has said cases involving families and unaccompanied children would be moved to the top of backlogged court dockets.

Some likely qualify to stay based on humanitarian reasons.

"I have great hope for these kids able to hang in there, learn English and earn a diploma, and I have great sadness for those who aren't able to do that," Coughlin said. "It's heartbreaking."]]>