TABLE 6-1 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Stage Age Behaviors

Oral
Birth-1 year
Dependency and oral gratification.

Anal
1-3 years
Creativity, stinginess, cruelty, cleanliness, self-control, punctuality.

Phallic or oedipa
3-6 years
Sexual, aggressive feeling; guilt.

Latency
6-12 years
Reactivation of pregenital impulses; intellectual and social growth.

Genital
12-18 years
Displacement of pregenital impulses; learns responsibility for self; establishes identity.

TABLE 6-2 Erikson’s Stages of the Life Cycle

Age and Stage of Development Conflict Areas Needing Resolution Evaluations: result of Resolution/Nonresolution

Infancy (birth-18 mo)
Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Shows affection, gratification, recognition; trusts self and others; begins to tolerate frustrations; develops hope.
  • Withdrawn, alienated.

Early childhood (18 mo-3 years)
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
  • Cooperative, self-controlled, self-expressive, can delay gratification; develops will.
  • Exaggerated sel-restraint; defiance; compulsive; overly complaint.

Late childhood (3-5 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Realistic goals; can evaluate self, explorative; imitates adult, shows imagination;
  • Self-imposed restrictions relative to jealousy, guilt, and denial.

School age (5-12 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Sense of duty; acquires self-confidence from social and school competencies; persevering in real tasks.
  • School and social dropout; social loner; incompetent.

Adolescence (12-18 years)
Identity vs. Role diffusion
  • Sense of duty; acquires self-confidence from social and school competencies; persevering in real tasks.
  • Ambivalent, confused, indecisive; may act out (antisocia acts).

Young adulthood (18-25 years)
Intimacy, solidarity vs. Isolation
  • Makes commitments to love, work relationships, a cause or creative effort; able to sustain mutual love relationships.
  • Superficial, impersonal, biased.

Adulthood (25-60 years)
Generativity vs. Self-absorption, stagnation
  • Productive, creative, procreative, concerned for others; develops care.
  • Self-indulgent.

Late adulthood (60 years - death)
Ego integrity vs. Despair
  • Appreciates past, present, and future; self-acceptance of own contribution to others, of own self-worth, and of changes in lifestyle and life cycle; can face “not being”; develops wisdom.
  • Preoccupied with loss of hope, of purpose; contemptuous, fears death.