The chief objective of this unit is to highlight the most commonly observed behavioral and emotional problems and disorders in the mental health field. The emphasis is on (a) main points for assessment, (b) analysis of data based on underlying basic concepts and general principles drawn from a psychodynamic and interpersonal theoretical framework, and (c) nursing interventions based on the therapeutic use of self as the cornerstone of a helping process. Nursing actions are listed in priority whenever possible. Hence the nursing process framework is followed throughout. Note that nursing interventions are divided into planning and implementation (covering long-term and short-term goals and stressing priority of actions) and health teaching. Evaluation of results is listed separately, although this step of the nursing process is circular and relates back to “assessment” and “goals.”

The categorization of psychiatric-emotional disorders can be complex and controversial. For purposes of clarity and simplicity, an attempt has been made here to capsulize many theoretical principles and component skills of the helping process that these disorders have in common. That the term client is often used in place of patient reflects the interpersonal rather than medical model of psychiatric nursing. The diagnostic categorization of disorders (based on a synthesis of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association [NANDA], Psychiatric Nursing Diagnosis [PND-I], and American Nurses Association [ANA] classification system for psychiatric nursing diagnoses) is included here to update the reader in current terminology in the mental health field.

The underlying organizational framework for this unit is based on applicable categories of human functions (Growth and Development; Protective Functions; Comfort, Rest, Activity, and Mobility; Sensory-Perceptual Functions; and Psychosocial-Cultural Functions; see Appendices H and I).

These categories have been incorporated into the diagnostic profile sent to the NCLEX-RN examinees as part of a report of their performance on the licensure exam. The categories reflect four client needs and are based on clusters of nursing activities designed to meet these needs (e.g., protecting clients, assisting clients with mobility needs).