1. DDST
    1. 12-18 months
      1. Personal-social
        1. Imitates housework.
        2. Uses spoon, spilling little.
        3. Removes own clothes.
        4. Drinks from cup.
        5. Feeds doll.
      2. Fine motor-adaptive
        1. Scribbles spontaneously.
        2. Builds tower with two to four cubes.
      3. Language
        1. Three to six words other than mama, dada.
        2. Points to at least one named body part.
      4. Gross motor
        1. Kicks ball forward.
        2. Walks up steps.
    2. 19-24 months
      1. Personal-social
        1. Puts on clothing.
        2. Washes and dries hands.
        3. Brushes teeth with help.
      2. Fine motor-adaptive
        1. Builds tower with four to six cubes.
        2. Imitates vertical line.
      3. Language
        1. Combines two or three words.
        2. Speech partially understandable.
        3. Names picture.
      4. Gross motor
        1. Throws ball overhand.
        2. Jumps in place.
    3. 2-3 years
      1. Personal-social
        1. Puts on T-shirt.
        2. Can name a friend.
      2. Fine motor-adaptive
        1. Thumb wiggles.
        2. Builds tower of eight cubes.
      3. Language
        1. Knows two verbs and two adjectives.
        2. Names one color.
      4. Gross motor
        1. Balances on one foot briefly.
        2. Pedals tricycle.

  2. Nursing interventions/parental guidance:
    1. Play: toddler years - generally parallel.
    2. Toys - stimulate multiple senses simultaneously:
      1. Push-pull.
      2. Riding toys, e.g., straddle horse or car.
      3. Small, low slide or gym.
      4. Balls, in various sizes.
      5. Blocks - multiple shapes, sizes, colors.
      6. Dolls, trucks, dress-up clothes.
      7. Drums, horns, cymbals, xylophones, toy piano.
      8. Pounding board and hammer, clay.
      9. Finger paints, chalk and board, thick crayons.
      10. Wooden puzzles with large pieces.
      11. Toy record player with kiddie records.
      12. Talking toys: dolls, See ‘n Say, phones.
      13. Sand, water, soap bubbles.
      14. Picture books, photo albums.
      15. Nursery rhymes, songs, music.
    3. Safety
      1. Accidents are the leading cause of death among toddlers.
      2. Motor vehicles: most accidental deaths in children under age 3 are related to motor vehicles.
        1. Use only federally approved car seat for all car rides, through age 6 or 60 lb.
        2. Follow manufacturer directions carefully.
        3. Make car seat part of routine for toddler.
      3. Drowning
        1. Always supervise child near water: tub, pool, Jacuzzi, lake, ocean.
        2. Keep bathroom locked to prevent drowning in toilet.
      4. Burns
        1. Turn pot handles in when cooking.
        2. Do not allow child to play with electrical appliances.
        3. Decrease water temperature in house to avoid scald burns.
      5. Poisonings: most common in 2-year-olds.
        1. Consider every nonfood substance a hazard and place out of child’s sight/ reach.
        2. Keep all medications, cleaning materials, etc. in clearly marked containers in locked cabinets.
        3. Instruct in use of syrup of ipecac.
      6. Falls
        1. Provide barriers on open windows.
        2. Avoid gates on stairs - child can strangle on gate.
        3. Move from crib to bed.
      7. Choking: avoid food on which child might choke:
        1. Fish with bones.
        2. Fruit with seeds or pits.
        3. Nuts, raisins.
        4. Hot dogs.
        5. Chewing gum.
        6. Hard candy.